Q1.A student investigated how current varies with potential difference for two different lamps.
Her results are shown in the figure below.

(a)     Complete the circuit diagram for the circuit that the student could have used to obtain the results shown in the figure above.

(3)

(b)     Which lamp will be brighter at any potential difference?
Explain your answer.
Use the figure above to aid your explanation
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)     Lamp B has the higher resistance at any potential difference.
Explain how the figure above shows this.
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
(2)

(d)     Both lamps behave like ohmic conductors through a range of values of potential difference.
Use the figure above to determine the range for these lamps.
Explain your answer.
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

Q2.The figure below shows a student before and after a bungee jump.
The bungee cord has an unstretched length of 20.0 m.
 
The mass of the student is 50.0 kg.
The gravitational field strength is 9.8 N / kg.
(a)     Write down the equation which links gravitational field strength, gravitational potential energy, height and mass.
.............................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)     Calculate the change in gravitational potential energy from the position where the student jumps to the point 20.0 m below.
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
Change in gravitational potential energy = .......................... J
(2)

(c)     80% of this change in gravitational potential energy has been transferred to the student’s kinetic energy store.
How much has the student’s kinetic energy store increased after falling 20.0 m?
       Kinetic energy gained = ............................................... J
(1)

(d)     Calculate the speed of the student after falling 20.0 m.
Give your answer to two significant figures.
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
                      Speed = ................................................... m / s
(4)

(e)     At the lowest point in the jump, the energy stored by the stretched bungee cord is 24.5 kJ.
The bungee cord behaves like a spring.
Calculate the spring constant of the bungee cord.
Use the correct equation from the Physics Equation Sheet.
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
          Spring constant = ............................................... N / m
(3)
(Total 11 marks)

Q3.  In 2011, some of the scientists working at the CERN particle laboratory published the results of experiments they had conducted over the previous three years.
The scientists said that the results had shown that a particle, called a neutrino, was able to travel faster than the speed of light.
These unexpected results challenged the physics theory that nothing can travel faster than the speed of light.
(a)     Suggest why most other scientists thought that the experimental results were unbelievable.
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)     The scientists at CERN believed their results were correct but could not explain them.
Suggest two reasons why the scientists decided to publish their results.
1 ..........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
2 ..........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)     The experiments conducted by the scientists involved measuring the time it took neutrinos to travel from CERN to another laboratory 730 000 m away.
Using the data, the speed of the neutrinos was calculated to be 300 007 400 m / s.
Calculate the time it would take the neutrinos to travel 730 000 m at a speed of 300 007 400 m / s.
Give your answer in standard form.
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
                                        Time = ......................................... s
(3)

(d)     In 2012, the scientists found that the unexpected results were caused by a timing error.
The error meant that the time recorded was always 60 nanoseconds less than the actual time.
Which one of the following is the same as 60 nanoseconds?
 
 	Tick one box.	 	
 	60 × 10−3 s	 	
 	60 × 10−6 s	 	
 	60 × 10−9 s	 	

(1)

(e)     What name is given to the type of error made by the scientists?
.............................................................................................................................
(1)

(f)     Suggest what the scientists should do to calculate an accurate value for the speed of a neutrino.
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Q4.  The stopping distance of a car is the sum of the thinking distance and the braking distance.
The table below shows how the thinking distance and braking distance vary with speed.
 
 	Speed 
in m / s	Thinking distance
in m	Braking
distance
in m	
 	10	  6	  6.0	
 	15	  9	13.5	
 	20	12	24.0	
 	25	15	37.5	
 	30	18	54.0	

(a)     What is meant by the braking distance of a vehicle?
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)     The data in the table above refers to a car in good mechanical condition driven by an alert driver.
Explain why the stopping distance of the car increases if the driver is very tired.
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)     A student looks at the data in the table above and writes the following:
                           thinking distance ∝ speed
Explain whether the student is correct.
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
(2)

(d)     Applying the brakes with too much force can cause a car to skid.
The distance a car skids before stopping depends on the friction between the road surface and the car tyres and also the speed of the car.
Friction can be investigated by pulling a device called a ‘sled’ across a surface at constant speed.
The figure below shows a sled being pulled correctly and incorrectly across a surface.
The constant of friction for the surface is calculated from the value of the force pulling the sled and the weight of the sled.
 
Why is it important that the sled is pulled at a constant speed?
 
 	Tick one box.	 	
 	If the sled accelerates it will be difficult to control.	 	
 	If the sled accelerates the value for the constant of friction will be wrong.	 	
 	If the sled accelerates the normal contact force will change.	 	

(1)

(e)     If the sled is pulled at an angle to the surface the value calculated for the constant of friction would not be appropriate.
Explain why.
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
(2)

(f)     By measuring the length of the skid marks, an accident investigator determines that the distance a car travelled between the brakes being applied and stopping was 22 m.
The investigator used a sled to determine the friction. The investigator then calculated that the car decelerated at 7.2 m / s2.
Calculate the speed of the car just before the brakes were applied.
Give your answer to two significant figures.
Use the correct equation from the Physics Equation Sheet.
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
                     Speed = ................................................... m / s
(3)
(Total 11 marks)

Q5.  Quantities in physics are either scalars or vectors.
(a)     Use the correct answers from the box to complete the sentence.
 
 	acceleration	direction	distance	speed	time	

Velocity is .................................................... in a given ................................ .
(2)

(b)     Complete the table to show which quantities are scalars and which quantities are vectors.
Put one tick () in each row.
The first row has been completed for you.
 
 	Quantity	Scalar	Vector	
 	Momentum			
 	Acceleration			
 	Distance			
 	Force			
 	Time			
(3)

(c)     The diagram shows two supermarket trolleys moving in the same direction.
Trolley A is full of shopping, has a total mass of 8 kg and is moving at a velocity of 2 m / s with a kinetic energy of 16 J.
Trolley B is empty, has a mass of 4 kg and is moving at a velocity of 0.5 m / s with a kinetic energy of 0.5 J.

(i)      Calculate the momentum of both trolley A and trolley B.
Give the unit.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Momentum of trolley A = ..............................
Momentum of trolley B = ..............................
Unit ....................
(4)

(ii)     The trolleys in the diagram collide and join together. They move off together.
Calculate the velocity with which they move off together.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Velocity = .............................. m / s
(3)

(iii)     In a different situation, the trolleys in the digram move at the same speeds as before but now move towards each other.
Calculate the total momentum and the total kinetic energy of the two trolleys before they collide.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Total momentum = .................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Total kinetic energy = .............................. J
(2)
(Total 14 marks)

Q6.Figure 1 shows the design of a playground ride.

A large wooden block rests on ropes. The ropes are attached to a metal frame.
Children sit on the wooden block.
When the wooden block is moved to the left and released it moves to and fro.
When the wooden block returns to the point of release it has completed one cycle.
(a)     Identify two possible hazards of the ride in Figure 1.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)     The designer of the ride wants to know if the ride has the same time period as a pendulum of the same length.
The designer used a model of the ride and a pendulum as shown in Figure 2.

The designer measured the time taken to complete 10 cycles for different lengths of both the model ride and the pendulum.
The results for the model ride are shown in Table 1.
Table 1
 
 	Length
in metres	Time for 10 cycles in seconds	Mean time
period
in seconds	
 		First time	Second time	Third time	Mean		
 	0.100	6.36	6.37	6.29	6.34	0.63	
 	0.150	7.76	7.74	7.80			
 	0.200	8.97	8.99	8.95	8.97	0.90	

The results for the pendulum are shown in Table 2.
Table 2
 
 	Length
in metres	Time for 10 cycles in seconds	Mean time
period
in seconds	
 		First time	Second time	Third time	Mean		
 	0.250	10.00	10.04	10.02	10.02	1.00	
 	0.300	10.99	11.01	10.94	10.98	1.10	
 	0.350	11.88	11.83	11.87	11.86	1.19	

(i)      Complete Table 1, giving values to an appropriate number of significant figures.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)     The investigation already includes repeated readings.
Suggest one improvement that could be made to this investigation.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)    The designer reads in an Advanced Physics textbook that:
‘The square of the time period, T, for a simple pendulum is proportional to its length, l.’
                                                    T 2  ∝  l
Would the model ride have the same time period as a simple pendulum of the same length?
Use one row of data from Table 1 and one row of data from Table 2 to work out your answer.
State your conclusion.
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...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(3)

(c)     The ride was redesigned and built to make it safer.
The wood was moving at maximum speed. The maximum kinetic energy of the wood was 180 J.
A parent applied a force to the wood and stopped it in a distance of 0.25 m.
Calculate the force required.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Force = .............................. N
(3)
(Total 12 marks)

Q7.Different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are useful for different methods of communication.
The diagram shows a transmitter emitting two electromagnetic waves, L and M.

(a)     (i)      Wave L is used to send a signal to a satellite.
Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum does wave L belong to?
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)     What name is given to the process that occurs as wave L passes into the ionosphere?
...............................................................................................................
(1)

(b)     Wave M is reflected by the ionosphere.
(i)      On the diagram above, draw the path of wave M until it reaches the receiver.
(2)
(ii)     On the daigram above, draw a line to show the normal where wave M meets the ionosphere. Label the line N.
(1)

(c)     Give two properties of all electromagnetic waves.
1......................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
2......................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Q8.(a)     Figure 1 shows the forces acting on a model air-powered rocket just after it has been launched vertically upwards.

(i)      How does the velocity of the rocket change as the rocket moves upwards?
...............................................................................................................
Give a reason for your answer.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)     The velocity of the rocket is not the same as the speed of the rocket.
What is the difference between the velocity of an object and the speed of an object?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)

(b)     The speed of the rocket just after being launched is 12 m / s.
The mass of the rocket is 0.05 kg.
(i)      Calculate the kinetic energy of the rocket just after being launched.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Kinetic energy = ......................................... J
(2)

(ii)     As the rocket moves upwards, it gains gravitational potential energy.
State the maximum gravitational potential energy gained by the rocket.
Ignore the effect of air resistance.
Maximum gravitational potential energy = ......................................... J
(1)

(iii)    Calculate the maximum height the rocket will reach.
Ignore the effect of air resistance.
Gravitational field strength = 10 N / kg.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Maximum height = ......................................... m
(2)

(iv)    Figure 2 shows four velocity−time graphs.
 
Taking air resistance into account, which graph, A, B, C or D, shows how the velocity of the rocket changes as it falls from the maximum height it reached until it just hits the ground?
 
 	Write the correct answer in the box.		

(1)

(c)     The rocket can be launched at different angles to the horizontal.
The horizontal distance the rocket travels is called the range.
Figure 3 shows the paths taken by the rocket when launched at different angles.
Air resistance has been ignored.

What pattern links the angle at which the rocket is launched and the range of the rocket?
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........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

Q9.  Before a new bus can be used on the roads, it must pass a stability test.
Figure 1 shows how the bus is tested.

(a)     (i)      The bus will topple over if the ramp is tilted at too great an angle.
Explain why.
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...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)     The bus is tested to angles of tilt far greater than it would experience in normal use.
Suggest two reasons why.
1.............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
2.............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)

(b)     Figure 2 shows the hydraulic machine that is used to make the ramp tilt.

The pressure applied to the hydraulic liquid at the master piston is the same as the pressure applied by the hydraulic liquid to the slave piston.
(i)      State the property of the liquid that keeps the pressure at both pistons the same.
...............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)     A 360 N force acts on the master piston.
Use information from Figure 2 to calculate the force applied by the hydraulic liquid to the slave piston.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Force = ...................................... N
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

Q10.A student used the apparatus in Figure 1 to obtain the data needed to calculate the specific heat capacity of copper.
Figure 1

The initial temperature of the copper block was measured.
The power supply was switched on.
The energy transferred by the heater to the block was measured using the joulemeter.
The temperature of the block was recorded every minute.
The temperature increase was calculated.
Figure 2 shows the student’s results.

Figure 2
 
                        Energy transferred to copper block in joules
(a)     Energy is transferred through the copper block.
What is the name of the process by which the energy is transferred?
Tick () one box.
 	Conduction		
 	Convection		
 	Radiation		

(1)

(b)     Use Figure 2 to determine how much energy was needed to increase the temperature of the copper block by 35 °C.
.................................. joules
(1)

(c)     The copper block has a mass of 2 kg.
Use your answer to part (b) to calculate the value given by this experiment for the specific heat capacity of copper. Give the unit.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Specific heat capacity = ............................................................
(3)

(d)     This experiment does not give the correct value for the specific heat of copper.
Suggest one reason why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Q11.Forces have different effects.
(a)     (i)      Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.
 
 	slowing	stretching	turning	

The moment of a force is the ............................................................... effect of the force.
(1)

(ii)     What is meant by the centre of mass of an object?
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)     Some children build a see-saw using a plank of wood and a pivot.
The centre of mass of the plank is above the pivot.
Figure 1 shows a boy sitting on the see-saw. His weight is 400 N.

Figure 1

 
Calculate the anticlockwise moment of the boy in Nm.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
Anticlockwise moment = ........................................ Nm
(2)

(c)     Figure 2 shows a girl sitting at the opposite end of the see-saw. Her weight is 300 N.
 
Figure 2

The see-saw is now balanced.
The children move the plank. Its centre of mass, M, is now 0.25 m from the pivot as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3

The boy and girl sit on the see-saw as shown in Figure 3.
(i)      Describe and explain the rotation of the see-saw.
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)     The boy gets off the see-saw and a bigger boy gets on it in the same place. The girl stays in the position shown in Figure 3. The plank is balanced. The weight of the plank is 270 N.
Calculate the weight of the bigger boy.
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
Weight of the bigger boy = ........................................ N
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

Q12.(a)    The wavelengths of four different types of electromagnetic wave, including visible light waves, are given in the table.
 
 	Type of wave	Wavelength	
 	Visible light	0.0005 mm	
 	A	1.1 km	
 	B	100 mm	
 	C	0.18 mm	

Which of the waves, A, B, or C, is an infra red wave?
...............................................
(1)

(b)     A TV station broadcasts at 500 000 kHz. The waves travel through the air at 300 000 000 m/s.
Calculate the wavelength of the waves broadcast by this station.
Show clearly how you work out your answer.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Wavelength = ............................................... m
(2)

(c)     What happens when a metal aerial absorbs radio waves?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)

(d)     Stars emit all types of electromagnetic waves. Telescopes that monitor X-rays are mounted on satellites in space.
Why would an X-ray telescope based on Earth not be able to detect X-rays emitted from distant stars?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Q13.          The picture shows players in a cricket match.

(a)     A fast bowler bowls the ball at 35 m/s. The ball has a mass of 0.16 kg.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
                     Kinetic energy = ............................................................ J
(2)

(b)     When the ball reaches the batsman it is travelling at 30 m/s. The batsman strikes the ball which moves off at 30 m/s in the opposite direction.

(i)	Calculate the change in momentum of the ball. Show clearly how you work out your answer.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Change in momentum = ........................................................... kg m/s
(2)

(ii)     The ball is in contact with the bat for 0.001 s.
Use the equation in the box to calculate the force exerted by the bat on the ball.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
                                   Force = ............................................................ N
(1)

(c)     A fielder, as he catches a cricket ball, pulls his hands backwards.
Explain why this action reduces the force on his hands.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Q14.         Radio waves and microwaves are two types of electromagnetic wave.
Both waves:
•        can be used for communications
•        travel at the same speed through air.
(a)     Give two more properties that are the same for both radio waves and microwaves.
1 .....................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
2 .....................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)     Some satellites are used to transmit television programmes. Signals are sent to, and transmitted from, the satellites using microwaves.
What is the property of microwaves that allows them to be used for satellite communications?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)     Electromagnetic waves travel at a speed of 3.0 × 108 m/s.
A radio station transmits waves with a wavelength of 2.5 × 102 m.
Calculate the frequency of the radio waves.
Show clearly how you work out your answer and give the unit.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
                   Frequency = ......................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

 

M1. 
(a)     

battery in series with bulb and ammeter
1

voltmeter in parallel with bulb
1

variable resistor
or
variable power pack
or
potentiometer
1

(b)     A is brighter because it has a higher current (than lamp B at any p.d.)
1

(therefore A has a) higher power output (than bulb B)
accept higher energy output per second
1

(c)     lower current (than lamp A) for the same potential difference
accept answer in terms of R = V / I
1

lower gradient (than lamp A)
1

(d)     0 – 2 Volts
allow a range from 0 V up to any value between 1 and 2 V.
1

(for an ohmic conductor) current is directly proportional to potential difference
allow lines (of best fit) are straight and pass through the origin
1

(so) resistance is constant
1
[10]

M2.(a)     g.p.e. = mass × gravitational field strength × height
accept Ep = mgh
1

(b)     Ep = 50 × 9.8 × 20
1

9800 (J)

allow 9800 (J) with no working shown for 2 marks
answer may also be correctly calculated using W = Fs
ie allow W = 490 × 20 for 1 mark
or answer of 9800 (J) using this method for 2 marks
1
(c)     7840 (J)
allow ecf from ‘11.2’
1

(d)     7840 = ½ × 50 × v2
1

 
allow  for this point
1

17.7(0875) (m / s)
1

18 (m / s)

allow ecf from ‘11.3’ correctly calculated for 3 marks
allow 18 (m / s) with no working for 2 marks
answer may also be correctly calculated using v2 – u2 = 2as
1
(e)     extension = 35 (m) and conversion of 24.5 kJ to 24500 J
1

24 500 = ½ × k × 352
1

40
1

allow 40 with no working shown for 3 marks
an answer of ‘16.2’ gains 2 marks
[11]

M3.(a)     any sensible suggestion eg
•        theory supported by results from other experiments
•        could not believe the ‘theory’ could be wrong
•        ‘theory’ is the basis of many other ideas
1

(b)     any two from:
•        to allow peer review of data
•        to assess the reproducibility of the data
•        to promote further enquiry / experiments
•        to encourage other scientists to develop explanations / new theories
2

(c)     730 000 = 300 007 400 × time
1

time =  
this step without the previous step stated gains 2 marks
1

2.43(3273) × 10−3 s
accept 0.00243(3273) s
1

allow 2.43(3273) × 10−3 with no working for 4 marks
(d)     60 × 10−9 s
1

(e)     systematic error
1

(f)     add on 60 nanoseconds to each time recorded (then recalculate)
1
[9]

M4.(a)     the distance travelled under the braking force
1

(b)     the reaction time will increase
1

increasing the thinking distance (and so increasing stopping distance)
(increases stopping distance is insufficient)
1

(c)     No, because although when the speed increases the thinking distance increases by the same factor the braking distance does not.
1

eg
increasing from 10 m / s to 20 m / s increases thinking distance from 6 m to 12 m but the braking distance increases from 6 m to 24 m
1

(d)     If the sled accelerates the value for the constant of friction will be wrong.
1

(e)     only a (the horizontal) component of the force would be pulling the sled forward
1

the vertical component of the force (effectively) lifts the sled reducing the force of the surface on the sled
1

(f)     − u2 = 2 × −7.2 × 22
award this mark even with 02 and / or the negative sign missing
1

u = 17.7(99)
1

18
1

allow 18 with no working shown for 3 marks
allow 17.7(99) then incorrectly rounded to 17 for 2 marks
[11]

M5.(a)     speed
must be in correct order
1
direction
1
 
 	(b)	Quantity	Scalar	Vector	
 	 	Momentum	 		
 	 	Acceleration	 		
 	 	Distance		 	
 	 	Force	 		
 	 	Time		 	

any three correct scores 2 marks
any two correct scores 1 mark
only one correct scores zero
3

(c)     (i)      16 and 2
16 or 2 scores 2 marks
allow 1 mark for correct substitution, ie
8 × 2
or
4 × 0.5
3
kg m / s or N s
1

(ii)     1.5 (m / s)
or
their pA + pB = 12 × v correctly calculated
allow 2 marks for correct substitution, ie
18 = 12 × v
or
their pA + pB = 12 × v
18 or their pA + pB scores 1 mark if no other mark awarded
3

(iii)    14 (kg m / s)
or
their pA - pB
1
16.5 (J)
1
[14]

M6.(a)     any two from:
•        wood falls off ropes
•        child falls off
•        wood hits child standing at side.
accept any reasonable suggestion
2

(b)     (i)      7.77
1
0.78
0.777 or 0.77 gain 1 mark
their mean value / 10 gains 1 mark
2
(ii)     use longer lengths (so longer times)
or
do both with the same lengths (so comparison can be made)
timing more than 10 cycles is insufficient
1
(iii)    1 value of k from table 4
k values 3.969…
              4.056…
              4.05
k =T2 / l
allow full credit for an equivalent correct method
eg. allow inverse of
k = l / T2 = 0.25
1
1 value of k from table 5
k values 4
              4.03…
              4.046
allow if average time for 10 cycles used
1
conclusion that matches student’s results
1

(c)     720 N
180 = F × 0.25 gains 2 marks
work done = maximum kinetic energy gains 1 mark
3
[12]

M7.(a)     (i)      microwave
1
(ii)     refraction
1

(b)     (i)      wave M continues as a straight line to the ionosphere and shown reflected
accept reflection at or within the ionosphere
1
correctly reflected wave shown as a straight line reaching the top of the receiver
if more than 2 rays shown 1 mark maximum

ignore arrows
1
(ii)     normal drawn at point where their M meets the ionosphere

1

(c)     any two from:
•        transverse
•        same speed (through air)
accept speed of light or 3 × 108 m / s
•        can be reflected
•        can be refracted
•        can be diffracted
•        can be absorbed
•        transfer energy
•        can travel through a vacuum
an answer travel at the same speed though a vacuum scores 2 marks
•        can be polarised
•        show interference.
travel in straight lines is insufficient
2
[7]

M8.(a)     (i)      decreases (to zero)
1
resultant force acts in opposite direction to motion
accept air resistance and weight for resultant force
accept resultant force acts downwards
do not accept air resistance increases
1
(ii)     velocity includes direction
or
velocity is a vector (quantity)
1

(b)     (i)      3.6
allow 1 mark for correct substitution i.e.
½ × 0.05 × 122 provided no subsequent step
2
(ii)     3.6 or their (i)
1
(iii)    7.2
or
their (ii) ÷ 0.5 correctly calculated
allow 1 mark for correct substitution i.e.
3.6 or their (ii) = 0.05 × 10 × h
2
(iv)    B
1

(c)     range increases up to 45°
1
range decreases from 45°
the range is a maximum at 45° gains both marks
for any two angles that add up
to 90° the range is the same gains both marks
the range increases then decreases gains 1 mark
1
[11]

M9.(a)     (i)      the line of action of the weight (of the bus) lies / acts outside of the base (of the bus)
allow line of action through the centre of mass lies / acts outside the base
1
there is a resultant moment (acting on the bus)
1
(ii)     in normal use the centre of mass may be in a different position
1
or
passengers on the bus may affect the position of the centre of mass
for safety, buses should always be tested beyond the normal operating conditions / parameters
for safety is insufficient
accept in case something unexpected happens
1

(b)     (i)      a liquid is (virtually) incompressible
accept a liquid cannot be squashed
a liquid is difficult to compress is insufficient
1
(ii)     84000
award 2 marks for
              
or
              
or award 1 mark for
              
or
300 000 (Pa)
seen anywhere
3
[8]

M10.(a)     conduction
1

(b)     35 000
1

(c)     500
their (b) = 2 x c x 35 correctly calculated scores 2 marks
allow 1 mark for correct substitution,
ie 35000 = 2 x c x 35
or
their (b) = 2 x c x 35
2

J / kg°C
1

(d)     energy lost to surroundings
or
energy needed to warm heater
accept there is no insulation (on the copper block)
do not accept answers in terms of human error or poor results or defective equipment
1
[6]

M11.(a)     (i)      turning
accept turning ringed in the box
1

(ii)     point at which mass (or weight) may be thought to be concentrated
accept the point from which the weight appears to act
allow focused for concentrated
do not accept most / some of the mass
do not accept region / area for point
1

(b)     600 (Nm)
400 × 1.5 gains 1 mark provided no subsequent steps shown
2

(c)     (i)      plank rotates clockwise
accept girl moves downwards
do not accept rotates to the right
1

(total) CM > (total) ACM
accept moment is larger on the girl’s side
1

weight of see-saw provides CM
answer must be in terms of moment
maximum of 2 marks if there is no reference to the weight of the see-saw
1

(ii)     W = 445 (N)
W × 1.5 = (270 × 0.25) + (300 × 2.0) gains 2 marks
allow for 1 mark:
total CM = total ACM either stated or implied
or
(270 × 0.25) + (300 × 2.0)
if no other marks given
3
[10]

M12.(a)     C or 0.18 mm
1
(b)      0.6 (m)
allow 1 mark for correct substitution and/or transformation or 1 mark for changing frequency to Hz 
answer 600 gains 1 mark
2

(c)     creates an alternating current
accept ‘ac’ for alternating currentaccept alternating voltage
1
with the same frequency as the radio wave
accept signal for radio wave
accept it gets hotter for 1 mark provided no other marks scored
1

(d)      X-rays cannot penetrate the atmosphere
accept atmosphere stops X-rays
do not accept atmosphere in the way
or
X-rays are absorbed (by the atmosphere) before reaching Earth
ignore explanations
1
[6]

M13.          (a)     98
allow 1 mark for correct substitution
ie ½ × 0.16 × 35 × 35 provided no subsequent step shown
an answer of 98 000 scores 0
2

(b)     (i)      9.6
allow 1 mark for (change in velocity =) 60
ignore negative sign
2

(ii)     9600
ignore negative sign
ortheir (b)(i) ÷ 0.001 correctly calculated, unless (b) (i) equals 0
1

(c)     increases the time
1

to reduce/change momentum (to zero)
only scores if 1st mark scored
decreases rate of change of momentum scores both marks provided there are no contradictions
accept decreased acceleration/deceleration
equations on their own are insufficient
1
[7]

M14.         (a)      any two from:
•        travel (at same speed) through a vacuum / space
do not accept air for vacuum
•        transverse
•        transfer energy
•        can be reflected
•        can be refracted
•        can be diffracted
•        can be absorbed
•        travel in straight lines
2

(b)     can pass through the ionosphere
accept atmosphere for ionosphere
do not accept air for ionosphere
accept travel in straight lines
accept not refracted / reflected / absorbed by the ionosphere
1

(c)     v = f  λ
1.2 × 106 / 1200 000
allow 1 mark for correct substitution
ie 3.0 × 108 = f × 2.5 × 102
2

hertz / Hz
do not accept hz or HZ
accept kHz or MHz
answers 1.2 MHz or 1200 kHz gain all 3 marks
for full credit the unit and numerical value must be consistent
1
[6]